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are exposed to these stressors, their include worry and apprehensive feelings predisposition may actually evolve into a about the future; hypervigilance, which disorder. This model has been applied to involves constantly scanning the several disorders including anxiety, environment for dangers. It is marked by depression, and schizophrenia. motor tension, as a result of which the person is unable to relax, is restless, and visibly shaky and tense. MAJOR P SYCHOLOGICAL D ISORDERS Another type of anxiety disorder is Anxiety Disorders panic disorder , which consists of recurrent anxiety attacks in which the One day while driving home, Deb felt his person experiences intense terror. A panic heart beating rapidly, he started sweating attack denotes an abrupt surge of intense profusely, and even felt short of breath. He anxiety rising to a peak when thoughts of was so scared that he stopped the car and a particular stimuli are present. Such stepped out. In the next few months, these thoughts occur in an unpredictable attacks increased and now he was hesitant manner. The clinical features include to drive for fear of being caught in traffic shortness of breath, dizziness, trembling, during an attack. Deb started feeling that palpitations, choking, nausea, chest pain he had gone crazy and would die. Soon he or discomfort, fear of going crazy, losing remained indoors and refused to move out control or dying. of the house. You might have met or heard of We experience anxiety when we are someone who was afraid to travel in a lift waiting to take an examination, or to visit or climb to the tenth floor of a building, or a dentist, or even to give a solo refused to enter a room if s/he saw a performance. This is normal and expected lizard. You may have also felt it yourself or and even motivates us to do our task well. seen a friend unable to speak a word of a On the other hand, high levels of anxiety well-memorised and rehearsed speech that are distressing and interfere with before an audience. These kinds of fears effective functioning indicate the presence are termed as phobias. People who have of an anxiety disorder — the most common phobias have irrational fears related to category of psychological disorders. specific objects, people, or situations. Everyone has worries and fears. The Phobias often develop gradually or begin term anxiety is usually defined as a with a generalised anxiety disorder. diffuse, vague, very unpleasant feeling of Phobias can be grouped into three main fear and apprehension. The anxious types, i.e. specific phobias, social phobias, individual also shows combinations of the and agoraphobia. following symptoms: rapid heart rate, Specific phobias are the most shortness of breath, diarrhoea, loss of commonly occurring type of phobia. This appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, group includes irrational fears such as sleeplessness, frequent urination and intense fear of a certain type of animal, or tremors. There are many types of anxiety of being in an enclosed space. Intense and disorders (see Table 4.1). They include incapacitating fear and embarrassment generalised anxiety disorder, which when dealing with others characterises consists of prolonged, vague, unexplained social anxiety disorder (social phobia). and intense fears that are not attached Agoraphobia is the term used when to any particular object. The symptoms people develop a fear of entering 76 Psychology Reprint 2026-27