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or behaviour should be taken seriously, positive symptoms (i.e. excesses of such as: thought, emotion, and behaviour), negative symptoms (i.e. deficits of • lack of interest in common activities • declining grades thought, emotion, and behaviour), and • decreasing effort psychomotor symptoms. Positive symptoms are ‘pathological • misbehavior in the classroom excesses’ or ‘bizarre additions’ to a • mysterious or repeated absence • smoking or drinking, or drug misuse person’s behaviour. Delusions, disorganised thinking and speech, heightened perception and hallucinations, Strengthening students’ self-esteem : Having a positive self-esteem is important and inappropriate affect are the ones most in face of distress and helps in coping often found in schizophrenia. adequately. In order to foster positive self- Many people with schizophrenia develop delusions. A delusion is a false esteem in children the following approaches can be useful: belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. It is not affected by rational • accentuating positive life experiences argument, and has no basis in reality. to develop positive identity. This Delusions of persecution are the most increases confidence in self. common in schizophrenia. People with • providing opportunities for this delusion believe that they are being development of physical, social and plotted against, spied on, slandered, vocational skills. • establishing a trustful communication. Can you list some characters in fiActivity • goals for the students should be you have seen or books you have read.5 specific, measurable, achievable, who suffered from any of the disorders relevant, to be completed within a we have studied here like depression or schizophrenia showing some of relevant time frame. these delusions? Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Can you identify which kind of Psychotic Disorders delusion each of these is? 1. A person who believes that s/he Schizophrenia is the descriptive term for is going to be the next President of a group of psychotic disorders in which India. 2. One who believes that the personal, social and occupational intelligence agencies/police are functioning deteriorate as a result of conspiring to trap her/him in a spy disturbed thought processes, strange scandal. perceptions, unusual emotional states, 3. One who believes that s/he is the incarnation of God and can make and motor abnormalities. It is a things happen. debilitating disorder. The social and psychological costs of schizophrenia are 4. One who believes that the tsunami tremendous, both to patients as well as occurred to prevent her/him from enjoying her/his holidays. to their families and society. 5. One who believes that her/his actions are controlled by the Symptoms of Schizophrenia satellite through a chip implanted in her/his brain by some The symptoms of schizophrenia can be extraterrestrial beings. grouped into three categories, viz. 81 Chapter 4 • Psychological Disorders Reprint 2026-27