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Indian Society the difference between the two (or the net growth rate) is A CTIVITY 2.1 low. The third (and last) stage is also one of low growth in a developed society where both death rate and birth Read the section on the rate have been reduced considerably and the difference previous page and the between them is again small. Between these two stages is a transitional stage of movement from a backward to quotation from Malthus in Box 2.1. One reason why an advanced stage, and this stage is characterised by very Malthuswasprovedwrong high rates of growth of population. is the substantial increases in the productivity of This ‘population explosion’ happens because death rates are brought down relatively quickly through agriculture. Can you ﬁnd advanced methods of disease control, public health, out how these productivity and better nutrition. However, it takes longer for increases occurred – i.e., what were the factors that society to adjust to change and alter its reproductive made agriculture more behaviour (which was evolved during the period of productive? What could poverty and high death rates) to suit the new situation of relative prosperity and longer life spans. This kind be some of the other reasons why Malthus was of transition was effected in Western Europe during the wrong? Discuss with your late nineteenth and early twentieth century. More or classmates and make a less similar patterns are followed in the less developed list with the help of your countries that are struggling to reduce the birth rate teacher. in keeping with the falling mortality rate. In India too, the demographic transition is not yet complete as the mortality rate has been reduced but the birth rate has not been brought down to the same extent. C OMMON C ONCEPTS AND INDICATORS Most demographic concepts are expressed as rates or ratios – they involve two numbers. One of these numbers is the particular statistic that has been calculated for a speciﬁc geographical-administrative unit; the other number provides a standard for comparison. For example, the birth rate is the total number of live births in a particular area (an entire country, a state, a district or other territorial unit) during a speciﬁed period (usually a year) divided by the total population of that area in thousands. In other words, the birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 population. The death rate is a similar statistic, expressed as the number of deaths in a given area during a given time per 1000 population. These statistics depend on the reporting of births and deaths by the families in which they occur. The rate of natural increase or the growth rate of population refers to the difference between the birth rate and the death rate. When this difference is zero (or, in practice, very small) then we say that the population has ‘stabilised’, 10 or has reached the ‘replacement level’, which is the rate of growth required for new generations to replace the older ones that are dying out. Sometimes, societies can experience a negative growth rate, that is, their fertility levels are Reprint 2026-27