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90 Contemporary World Politics India is wary of recent discussions by India in 1997. One of the key withinUNFCCCaboutintroducing conclusions was that there had binding commitments on rapidly been no meaningful progress industrialising countries (such as with respect to transfer of new Brazil, China and India) to reduce and additional financial resources their greenhouse gas emissions. and environmentally-sound India feels this contravenes the technology on concessional terms very spirit of UNFCCC. Neither to developing nations. India does it seem fair to impose finds it necessary that developed restrictions on India when the countries take immediate country’s rise in per capita carbon measures to provide developing emissions by 2030 is likely to still countries with financial resources represent less than half the world and clean technologies to enable average of 3.8 tonnes in 2000. them to meet their existing Indian emissions are predicted commitments under UNFCCC. to rise from 0.9 tonnes per capita India is also of the view that the in 2000 to 1.6 tonnes per capita SAARC countries should adopt a in 2030. common position on major global The Indian government is environment issues, so that the region’s voice carries greater already participating in global efforts through a number of weight. programmes. For example, India’s National Auto-fuel Policy mandates cleaner fuels for Environmental M ovements : vehicles. The Energy Conservation O ne or M any ? Act, passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to improve energy We have, so far, looked at the way efficiency.Similarly,theElectricity governments have reacted at the Act of 2003 encourages the use of international level to the challenge renewable energy. Recent trends of environmental degradation. in importing natural gas and But some of the most significant encouraging the adoption of clean responses to this challenge have coal technologies show that India has been making real efforts. The come not from the governments but rather from groups of environ- government is also keen to launch mentally conscious volunteers a National Mission on Biodiesel, working in different parts of the using about 11 million hectares of land to produce biodiesel by world. Some of them work at the international level, but most 2011–2012. India ratified the of them work at the local level. Paris Climate Agreement on These environmental movements 2 October 2016. And India has are amongst the most vibrant, one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world. diverse, and powerful social movements across the globe A review oftheimplementation today.Itiswithinsocialmovements that new forms of political action of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken are born or reinvented. These Reprint 2026-27