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2.2.1 The Product or Value Added Method In product method we calculate the aggregate annual value of goods and services produced (if a year is the unit of time). How to go about doing this? Do we add up the value of all goods and services produced by all the firms in an economy? The following example will help us to understand. Let us suppose that there are only two kinds of producers in the economy. They are the wheat producers (or the farmers) and the bread makers (the bakers). The wheat producers grow wheat and they do not need any input other than human labour. They sell a part of the wheat to the bakers. The bakers do not need any other raw materials besides wheat to produce bread. Let us suppose that in a year the total value of wheat that the farmers have produced is Rs 100. Out of this they have sold Rs 50 worth of wheat to the bakers. The bakers have used this amount of wheat completely during the year and have produced Rs 200 worth of bread. What is the value of total production in the economy? If we follow the simple way of aggregating the values of production of the sectors, we would add Rs 200 (value of production of the bakers) to Rs 100 (value of production of farmers). The result will be Rs 300. A little reflection will tell us that the value of aggregate production is not Rs 300. The farmers had produced Rs 100 worth of wheat for which it did not need assistance of any inputs. Therefore the entire Rs 100 is rightfully the contribution of the farmers. But the same is not true for the bakers. The bakers had to buy Rs 50 worth of wheat to produce their bread. The Rs 200 worth of bread that they have produced is not entirely their own contribution. To calculate the net contribution of the bakers, we need to subtract the value of the wheat that they have bought from the farmers. If we do not do this we shall commit the mistake of ‘double counting’. This is because Rs 50 worth of wheat will be counted twice. First it will be counted as part of the output produced by the farmers. Second time, it will be counted as the imputed value of wheat in the bread produced by the bakers. Therefore,thenetcontributionmadebythebakersis,Rs200–Rs50=Rs150. 17 Hence, aggregate value of goods produced by this simple economy is Rs 100 (net N contribution by the farmers) + Rs 150 (net contribution by the bakers) = Rs 250. t n The term that is used to denote the net contribution made by a firm is l called its value added. We have seen that the raw materials that a firm buys c from another firm which are completely used up in the process of production m are called ‘intermediate goods’. Therefore the value added of a firm is, value of A production of the c n firm – value of Table 2.1: Production, Intermediate Goods and Value Added n intermediate goods g used by the firm. The Farmer Baker value added of a firm Total production 100 200 is distributed among Intermediate goods used 0 50 its four factors of Value added 100 200 – 50 =150 production, namely, labour, capital, entrepreneurship and land. Therefore wages, interest, profits and rents paid out by the firm must add up to the value added of the firm. Value added is a flow variable. We can represent the example given above in terms of Table 2.1. Reprint 2026-27