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3.2.1 APPLICATIONS OF STACK Some of the applications of stack in real-life are: How does a compiler or an interpreter • Pile of clothes in an almirah handle function calls in a program? • Multiple chairs in a vertical pile • Bangles worn on wrist • Pile of boxes of eatables in pantry or on a kitchen shelf Someexamplesofapplicationofstackinprogramming are as follows: • When we need to reverse a string, the string is traversed from the last character till the first character. i.e. characters are traversed in the reverse order of their appearance in the string. This is very easily done by putting the characters of a string in a stack. • We use text/image editor for editing the text/image where we have options to redo/undo the editing done. When we click on the redo /undo icon, the most recent editing is redone/undone. In this scenario, the system uses a stack to keep track of changes made. • While browsing the web, we move from one web page to another by accessing links between them. In order to go back to the last visited web page, we may use the The operating system in computer back button on the browser. Let us say we accessed or mobile allocates a web page P1 from where we moved to web page P2 memory to different followed by browsing of web page P3. Currently, we applications for are on web page P3 and want to revisit web page P1. their execution. How does an operating We may go to a previously visited web page by using system keep track the BACK button of the browser. On clicking the of the free memory BACK button once, we are taken from web page P3 that can be allocated to web page P2, another click on BACK shows web among programs/ applications to be page P1. In this case, the history of browsed pages is executed? maintained as stack. • Whilewritinganyarithmeticexpressioninaprogram, we may use parentheses to order the evaluation of operators. While executing the program, the compiler checks for matched parentheses i.e. each opening parenthesis should have a corresponding closing parenthesis and the pairs of parentheses are properly nested. In case of parentheses are Stack 41 Reprint 2026-27