Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XII Mathematics Mathematics Part-II 7 0 ® P (E ∩ F) = P (F) P (E|F), P (F) ≠ 0 ® If E and F are independent, then P (E ∩ F) = P (E) P (F) P (E|F) = P (E), P (F) ≠ 0 P (F|E) = P (F), P(E...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 the mirror. The geometry of reflection of an incident ray is shown in Fig. 9.4. Let C be the centre of curvature of the mirror. Consider a ray para...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 (i) The ray from the point which is parallel to the principal axis. The reflected ray goes through the focus of the mirror. (ii) The ray passing th...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 get B′F B′P –FP B′P FP = FP = BP (9.6) Equation (9.6) is a relation involving magnitude of distances. We now apply the sign convention. We note tha...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 by a concave and convex mirror. You should verify that Eqs. (9.7) and (9.9) are valid for these cases as well. FIGURE 9.6 Image formation by (a) a ...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 (for u = –39 + 5 = –34) is (34/35 )m. 4 Reprint 2026-27 Physics The shift in the position of image in 1 s is 39 − 34 = 1365 −360 = 5 = 1 m 40 35 14...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 is constant. Remember that the angles of incidence (i) and refraction (r ) are the angles that the incident and its refracted ray make with the nor...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 index of medium 3 with respect to medium 2 then n 32= n × n , where n is the refractive index of 31 12 31 medium 3 with respect to medium 1. Some e...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 If the angle of incidence isincreasedstillfurther(e.g.,therayAO ),4 refractionisnotpossible,andtheincident ray is totally reflected. This is called...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 drops of milk or any other suspension to water and stir so that water becomes a little turbid. Take a laser pointer and shine its beam through the ...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 of which should be spherical. Applying the formula for image formation by a single spherical surface successively at the two surfaces of a lens, we...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 v u R Equation (9.16) gives us a relation between object and image distance in terms of refractive index of the medium and the radius of curvature ...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 DI BC 1 DC 2  Suppose the object is at infinity, i.e., OB and DI = f, Eq. (9.19) gives n1  1 1  = (n2−n )1  +  (9.20) f BC 1 DC 2  The poin...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 we derived it for a real image formed by a convex lens, the formula is valid for both convex as well as concave lenses and for both real and virtua...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 holds good for all cases. Here again it must be remembered that each point on an object gives out infinite number of rays. All these rays will pass...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 tangent of the angle by which it converges or diverges a beam of light parallel to the principal axis falling at unit distance from the optical cen...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 we have 1  1 1  =(n−1 ) −  12 10 −15  This gives n = 1.5. (iii) For a glass lens in air, n = 1.5, n = 1, f = +20 cm. Hence, the lens 2 1 form...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 (9.28) 1 2 Adding Eqs. (9.27) and (9.28), we get 1 1 1 1 v − u = f + f (9.29) 1 2 If the two lens-system is regarded as equivalent to a single lens...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 . v1 u 1 f1 L 1 1 1 P v − −30 10 A 1 X or v1= 15 cm 238 E Reprint 2026-27 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments The image formed by the first lens ser...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 these two equations, we get r1+ r2= A (9.34) The total deviationd is the sum of deviations at the two faces, d= (i – 1 ) + (e 2 r ) that is, d = i ...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 (n 21)A It implies that, thin prisms do not deviate light much. 9.7 O PTICAL INSTRUMENTS A number of optical devices and instruments have been desi...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 near point (distance D @ 25 cm), it causes some strain on the eye. Therefore, the image formed at infinity is often considered most suitable for vi...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 closer for image formation at the near point. Clearly, m p l s the final image is inverted with respect to the original object. We now obtain the m...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 In practice, it is difficult to make the focal length much smaller than 1 cm. Also large lenses are required to make L large. For example, with an ...
Class XII Physics Physics Part-II 1 whose objective has a focal length of 100 cm and the eyepiece a focal length of 1 cm. The magnifying power of this telescope is m = 100/1 = 100. Le...