Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 it of reactants in a thermos flask or any other closed insulated vessel is an example of an the internal energy, U of the system, which isolated sy...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 wall by state functions or state variables. The state of a thermodynamic system is separating the system and the surroundings described by its meas...
Class XI Accountancy Accountancy-II 2 Functions (a) IIF : The purpose of this function is to provide a value to the field from a mutually exclusive set of values. Its syntax is as given...
Class XI Accountancy Accountancy-II 2 returns the value 12431 by converting the enclosed string of numerals into value. However, Val (“12,431”) returns the numeric value 12 because comm...
Class XI Accountancy Financial Accounting-I 3 46 Accountancy Recording of Transactions-I 3 n chapter 1 and 2, while explaining the I development and importance of accounting as a source of diss...
Class XI Accountancy Financial Accounting-I 3 I 47 involves this aspect, i.e. Give and Take. Payment of cash involves give aspect and delivery of computer is a take aspect. Thus, business trans...
Class XI Accountancy Financial Accounting-I 3 vouchers prepared for such transaction is known as Transaction Voucher, the format of Reprint 2026-27 48 Accountancy which is shown in figure 3.1. ...
Class XI Accountancy Financial Accounting-I 3 Name of the firm must be printed on the top; • Date of transaction is filled up against the date and not the date of recording of transaction is to...
Class XI Accountancy Financial Accounting-I 3 position of the business on a particular date. When we analyse the transactions, we actually try to know that how balance sheet of a business entit...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 thereby churning water. Let the new state in volume of its water is independent of the be called B state and its temperature, as route by which wat...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 state and that in another state, ∆U i.e., ∆U =U 2–U 1 w ad Fig. 5.4 A system which allows heat transfer Therefore, internal energy, U, of the syste...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 system and positive sign when the work is done by the system. This is still followed in physics books, although IUPAC has recommended the use of ne...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 frictionless piston. Total volume of the gas is V and pressure of the gas inside is p. If Note: There is considerable difference between external p...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 compression, the volume decreases by an [Fig. 5.5(a)]. infinitesimal amount, dV. In such a case we then, volume change = l × A = ∆V = (V – V ) can ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 surroundings are to – Σ р ∆V [Fig. 5.5 (b)] always in near equilibrium with each other. Fig. 5.5 (c) pV-plot when pressure is not constant Fig. 5.5...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 0, of an ideal gas i.e., pV =nRT ∆U = w ad nR T ▯ p ▯ Problem 5.2 V Twolitresofanidealgasatapressureof10 Therefore, at constant temperature atm exp...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 2.303 x 0.08206 x 298 x log 5 system at constant pressure. = 2.303 x 0.08206 x 298 x 0.6990 = 39.366 L atm ∆H is negative for exothermic reactions ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 On rearranging, we get pV A n AT q = (U + pV ) – (U + pV ) (5.6) p 2 2 1 1 and pV B= n BT Now we candefine another thermodynamic function, the enth...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 change H 2 (l) → H 2 (g) ∆H = ∆U + ∆ngRT Fig. 5.6(a) A gas at volume V and temperature T or ∆U = ∆H – ∆n RT, substituting the g values, we get ∆U =...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 of matter. Other examples are results in only a small temperature rise. Water molar volume, V m and molar heat capacity, has a large heat capacity ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 is (d) The Relationship between C p and C V immersed in water bath to ensure that no heat for an Ideal Gas is lost to the surroundings. A combustib...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 no calorimeter is immersed and the heat capacity work done as ∆V = 0. Temperature change of of calorimeter, it is possible to determine the the cal...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 graphite = – 20.7 kJK –1 For combustion of 1 mol of graphite, ▯1 12 .0 gmol ▯▯▯20.7kJ ▯ = 1g 2 –1 = – 2.48 ×10 kJ mol ,   Since ∆ n g 0, ∆ H = ∆ U ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 , g) adding the superscript  to the symbol ∆H, m 2 m 2 m 4 e.g., ∆H + 2H (O , g)] m 2 where H m is the molar enthalpy. (b) Enthalpy Changes durin...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 5 T b and at Solution constant pressure: We can represent the process of H 2(l) → H O2g); ∆ vap = + 40.79 kJ moI –1 evaporation as  vaporisation ∆va...