Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 3.81 × 10 –3 converted to the reactants. Problem 6.11 • ∆G is 0, reaction has achieved equilibrium; at this point, there is no longer any free Hydr...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 mixture million tones, primarily for use as fertilisers. at equilibrium, then the equilibrium of the Equilibrium constant, K cis independent reacti...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 in the direction that consumes Fig. 6.8 Effect of addition of H 2n change of concentration for the reactants the added substance. and products in t...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 2 case of a gaseous reaction where the total the reaction to completion. It should be number of moles of gaseous reactants and remembered that cont...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 reagents the equilibrium now shifts in the forward that remove Fe 3+or SCN ions. For example, 3+ direction, a direction in which the number oxalic ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 the temperature dependence temperature favours the reverse reaction of of the equilibrium constant depends on the sign of ∆H for the reaction. • Th...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 that pass through the Fe (aq) + SCN (aq) [Fe(SCN)] (aq) same transition state and does not affect There are numerous equilibria that involve equili...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 that Since the number of moles formed in the of acetic acid mainly contains unionized reaction is less than those of reactants, the acetic acid mol...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 and ascorbic acids, and tartaric acid is found in tamarind paste. As most of the acids taste sour, the word “acid” has been derived from a latin wo...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 led to the establishment of modern field theory. (1791–1867) He discovered his two laws of electrolysis in 1834. Faraday was a very modest and kind...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 we shall not distinguish between the two and use the two terms interchangeably. 6.10.1 Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases H O + According to Arrh...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 hydroxyl ions. In this reaction, aqueous solutions and also, does not account water molecule acts as proton donor and for the basicity of substance...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 Therefore, OH – – 2 4 HCO ?3 is called the conjugate base of an acid H O 2 and NH is4called conjugate acid of the base Solution NH .3If Brönsted ac...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 3 H 2O 3 CO 32– It is interesting to observe the dual role – 2– HSO 4 H 2O 4 SO 4 of water as an acid and a base. In case of + – reaction with HCl ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 in terms of Mg , etc. can act as Lewis acids while species Brönsted-Lowry concept of acids and bases, like H O, NH , OH etc. which can donate a 2 3...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 species like ammonia or amine molecules. in its tendency of donating a proton over the other shall be termed as the stronger acid and the equilibri...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 base ionic product of water. 2 + – would give a very weak conjugate acid. On the K w= [H ][OH ] (6.27) otherhand,aweakacidsayHAisonlypartially + di...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 lies mainly towards undissociated Such compounds are useful as indicators water) in acid-base titrations, and finding out H +ion We can distinguish...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 pH of a solution is very From the definition of pH, the following essential as its value should be known when dealing with biological and cosmetic ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 are now available Taking negative logarithm on both sides in the market. The pH of some very common of equation, we obtain substances are given in ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 6.4 Solution equilibrium constant for the above discussed acid-dissociation equilibrium: 2H O (l) H O (aq) + OH (aq) 2 2 2 2 3 Ka = c α / c(1-α) = ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 Acid (HNO )2 4.5 × 10 Formic Acid (HCOOH) 1.8 × 10–4 concentration (M) Niacin (C5H 4COOH) 1.5 × 10–5 c 0 0 –5 Let α be the extent of ionization Ace...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 i.e., with a species acting both as Equilibrium acid as well as base are written. concentration (M) Step 3. The reaction with the higher K is a ide...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 of HF in its 0.02 M solution. pH = – log[H ] = –log(2.4 × 10 ) = 2.62 Calculate the concentration of all species + – Problem 6.19 present (H 3 , F ...
Class XI Chemistry Chemistry Part-I 6 if c = initial concentration Problem 6.20 of base and α = degree of ionization of base Calculate the pH of 0.08M solution of i.e. the extent to whi...