Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 to the king. They soon began to gift some of their own lands to knights who would serve them just as they in turn served the king. They could not, ...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 best scratch the surface of the earth and was unable to fully draw out the natural productivity of the soil. Agriculture was therefore very labour ...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 the shoulder-harness came into use. This enabled animals to exert greater power. Horses were now better shod, with iron horseshoes, which prevented...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 the initiative in many things, such as extending arable land. They also switched to the three-field rotation of crops, and set up small forges and ...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 a church, roads where merchants built shops and homes, an office where those who governed the town could meet. In other places, towns grew around l...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 West Asia were developing (see Theme 5). Scandinavian merchants were sailing south from the North Sea to exchange furs and hunting-hawks for cloth;...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 the inadequacy which we often felt on feast days, for the narrowness of the place forced the women to run towards the altar upon the heads of the m...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 was famine. Severe famines hit Europe between 1315 and 1317, followed in the 1320s by massive cattle deaths. In addition, trade was hit by a severe...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 minor episodes of plague in the 1360s and 1370s. The population of Europe, 73 million in 1300, stood reduced to 45 million in 1400. This catastroph...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 France a narrative 1381 Peasants’ revolts account. Political Changes Developments in the political sphere paralleled social processes. In the fifte...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 1536, 1547, 1549 and 1553. In France, Louis XI (1461-83) had to wage a long struggle against dukes and princes. Lesser nobles, often members of loc...
Class XI History Themes in World History 4 the three estates/orders – clergy, nobility, and the rest). After this, it Reprint 2026-27 THE THREE O RDERS 105 was not summoned again for nearly ...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 106 THEMES INWORLDH ISTORY THEME Changing Cultural 5 Traditions FROMthefourteenthtotheendoftheseventeenthcentury,towns were growing in many countri...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 and painting to tell the story of how a new ‘humanist’ culture had flowered in Italian towns from Reprint 2026-27 CHANGING C ULTURALTRADITIONS 107 ...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 here, nor were there powerful feudal lords. Rich merchants and bankers actively participated in governing the city, and this helped the idea of cit...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 whosoever not ignobly born: so that all which were noble by birth, or ennobled by virtue, did...obtain this right of government.’ Reprint 2026-27 C...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 not give. This was the culture which historians in the nineteenth century were to label ‘humanism’. By the early fifteenth century, the term ‘human...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 to describe a person with many interests and skills, because many of the individuals who became well known at this time were people of many parts. ...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 Arab translators who had carefully preserved and translated ancient manuscripts (Plato was Aflatun, and Aristotle Aristu in Arabic). While some Eur...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 unless he has well stored his mind by much copying from life.’ – Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) This sketch by Durer (Praying Hands) gives us a sense o...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 sculptors, painted as realistically as possible. They found that a knowledge of geometry helped them understand perspective, and that by noting the...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 designed the spectacular Duomo of Florence, had started his career as a sculptor. Reprint 2026-27 114 THEMES INWORLDH ISTORY Another remarkable cha...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 could quickly reach hundreds of readers. This movementofgreatWeights, also made it possible for individuals to read books, and by the conjunction a...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 who are more exposed to view), they are noted for various qualities which earn them either praise or condemnation. Some, for example, are held to b...
Class XI History Themes in World History 5 a larger public role than was the case in aristocratic families. A few women were intellectually very creative and sensitive about the importance o...