Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 it lie in the same plane and the -electron cloud is above and below this plane. The bond angles are approximately 120° as expected of a trigonal co...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 give ketones in this reaction (Unit 9, Class XI). 8.2.2 Preparation 1. From acyl chloride (acid chloride) of Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydro...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 reaction is known as Gatterman-Koch reaction. 8.2.3 Preparation 1. From acyl chlorides of Ketones Treatment of acyl chlorides with dialkylcadmium, ...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 alcohols of similar molecular masses due to absence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The following compounds of molecular masses 58 and 60 are r...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling points. CH 3HO, CH CH3OH,2CH OCH 3 CH C3 CH 3 2 3 8.4 Chemical Since aldehydes and ket...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 important examples of nucleophilic addition and nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions: (a) Addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN): Aldehydes and ...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 acid. The equilibrium favours the product formation due to rapid dehydration of the intermediate to form >C=N-Z. Z = Alkyl, aryl, OH, NH , C H NH, ...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 is called cross aldol condensation. If both of them contain -hydrogen atoms, it gives a mixture of four products. This is illustrated below by aldo...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 hence its name carboxyl. Carboxylic acids may be aliphatic (RCOOH) or aromatic (ArCOOH) depending on the group, alkyl or aryl, attached to carboxyl...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 Isobutyric acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid HOOC-COOH Oxalic acid Ethanedioic acid HOOC -CH -C2OH Malonic acid Propanedioic acid HOOC -(CH ) 2 2OH Succi...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 with these oxidising reagents. 3. From nitriles and amides Nitriles are hydrolysed to amides and then to acids in the presence of  H or OH as cata...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 masses. This is due to more extensive association of carboxylic acid molecules through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonds are not ...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 acids: The esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols is a kind of nucleophilic acyl substitution. Protonation of the carbonyl oxygen activat...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 known as Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. 253 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Reprint 2026-27 2. Ring substitution Aromatic carboxylic acids...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 of acyl chloride with dialkylcadmium. A good method for the preparation of aromatic ketones is the Friedel-Crafts acylation of aromatic hydrocarbon...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 (i) Cyanohydrin (ii) Acetal (iii) Semicarbazone (iv) Aldol (v) Hemiacetal (vi) Oxime (vii) Ketal (vii) Imine (ix) 2,4-DNP-derivative (x) Schiff’s b...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 nucleophile and which as electrophile. 8.10 An organic compound with the molecular formula C H9O10orms 2,4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollens’ reagent...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 material, reagent or products 8.18 Give plausible explanation for each of the following: (i) Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2,2,...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 4 Unit Objectives Amines After studying this Unit, you will be able to describe amines as derivatives of “The chief commercial use of amines is as in...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 4 amines. The fourth orbital of nitrogen in all amines contains an unshared pair of electrons. Due to the presence of unshared pair of electrons, the...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 4 2roups and suitable prefix such as di, tri, etc. is attached to the amine. The letter ‘e’ of the suffix of the hydrocarbon part is retained. For ex...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 4 presence of finely divided nickel, palladium or platinum and also by reduction with metals in acidic medium. Nitroalkanes can also be similarly red...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 4 produce primary amines. This reaction is used for ascent of amine series, i.e., for preparation of amines containing one carbon atom more than the ...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 4 N-dimethylaniline (iii) Cl–(C2 4 –Cl into hexan-1,6-diamine? The lower aliphatic amines are gases with fishy odour. Primary amines 9.5 Physical wit...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 4 Alkanes of Similar Molecular Masses Sl. No. Compound Molar mass b.p./K 1. n-C 4 9H 2 73 350.8 2. (C2H 5 2H 73 329.3 3. C 2 5(CH )3 2 73 310.5 4. C ...