Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 sequencing technology depends on advance computing algorithms to take millions of short sequence outputs, assembling in large contigs, representing...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 is used to develop recombinant protein with 6 histidine-tag (6-His-tag) for the ease of purification and to develop fluorescent proteins to track t...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 a recombinant protein with 6-His-tags, how are you going to use it? Explain the methodology and application in detail. 18. How do you apply protein...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 micro organisms. By the 1930s, the researchers started to consider the importance of growth factors upon bacterial nutrition. In the 1940s, with th...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 UNIT III Microbial, Plant, Animal Cell, Organ Cultures and Bioprocessing Chapter 6: Microbial Culture Chapter 7: Plant Tissue Culture Chapter 8: An...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 laid the foundation of microbiology. In the 1670s to 1680s, a Dutch merchant, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek developed the microscope and observed the mic...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 such broths due to the agents coming Louis Pasteur’s experiment that illustrates the idea of germ from outside, rather theory of disease. (The uniq...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 and vitamins (e.g. ash). In order to develop more versatile basal medium, Ferdinand Cohn further refined the Pasteur’s medium by varying the types ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 types of bacteria. Microorganisms that obtain their carbon from carbon dioxide are called autotrophs that include a significant number of bacteria a...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 required for the skeleton or backbone of all organic molecules, and the carbon sources usually also provide oxygen and hydrogen atoms. In the micro...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 all the microorganisms need sources of energy, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and various minerals, the specific composition of a suitable me...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 extract are aqueous extracts of beef and brewer’s yeast, respectively. The beef extracts have amino acids, peptides, nucleotides, organic acids, vi...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 reagent, (A) must be a ketone. (A) responds to iodoform test. Therefore, it should be a methyl ketone. The molecular formula of (A) indicates high ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 nutrients that increase the growth of a particular type of microorganism and suppresses all other microorganisms that are present in the culture. T...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 selectively enhance the growth of certain microorganisms within the mixed inoculum. For example, the addition of plant and animal tissue extract in...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 temperature and sterilisation is achieved. Autoclaves are of vertical or horizontal design and they may be jacketed and non-jacketed (Fig. 6.1). In...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 and non-ionizing radiations are used for sterilisation. As radiation does not generate heat, so sterilisation by radiation is termed as ‘cold steri...
Class XII Chemistry Chemistry-II 3 acid are 0.23, 4.19 and 4.76, respectively. Smaller the pK , the stronger the acid ( the better it is as a proton a donor). Strong acids have pK va...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 alcohol can be used to disinfect surfaces and clinical thermometers. Aldehydes such as 40 percent formaldehyde (formalin) is used for surface disin...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 after incubation Fig. 6.2: The streak plate method Microbial culture 157 Reprint 2025-26 An alternative method for the isolation of pure cultures i...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 are able to grow over a wide range of temperatures. The minimum and maximum growth temperatures for a microorganism is typically about 25–45°C. The...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 by shaking or mechanical stirring to facilitate uniform growth. Obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate oxygen and they are cultured in special anaerobi...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 i Decline/death f phase r b Lag m Phase u g L Time Fig. 6.5: Microbial growth curve Lag Phase Initially, when microorganisms are introduced into fr...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 and the growth curve becomes horizontal. This depends on the overall nutrient availability and other factors,aswellasthetypeofmicroorganismbeingcul...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 6 cells/mL at t and 10 cells/ml after 2 h, calculate the specific o growth rate and generation time of the culture. Solution: X0= 10 cells/mL X = 10 ...