Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 of the assertion. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. (c) Assertion is true but ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 UNIT II Genome Engineering Chapter 5: Genome Technology and Engineering Reprint 2025-26 Stanley Norman Cohen 17 February 1935—present Stanley Cohen...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 Protein on understanding the biology of organisms have been engineering detailed. In Chapter 7 of Class XI, students have already studied as to how...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 also be interested to know the genetic basis (genes and mutations in it) of a particular phenotype. Therefore, a set fg h a a of techniques is requ...
Class XII Economics Introductory Macroeconomics 2 of the diagram similarly represent the factors of production i market. The lower most arrow going from the households to the firms symbolises g the...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 Therefore, decreased recombination frequency is an indication that distance between said loci is less. When genetic loci are arranged based on the ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 sites of the genome. Such a map can easily be compared with others noticing the gain or loss of certain restriction sites resulting in observed RFL...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 unique band in (y). Genome Technologyand Engineering 117 Reprint 2025-26 RFLP DNA morph of individual 1 DNA morph of individual 2 RE RE RE RE RE Pr...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 this small region of interest is used for sequencing to avoid the prohibitive cost of full genome sequencing. However, this approach requires a map...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 charged molecule, i.e., DNA fragments, is done in a capillary filled with gel). A fluorescence detector is positioned near the bottom end of the ca...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 out in the flow cell by passing labelled base (these bases have unique fluorescence tag). These fluorescent bases would get incorporated depending ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 like molecule interacts differentially with DNA bases and it disrupts the ionic current. The disruption caused by each base is t e r C C A G T Time...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 sequence was published in 2003. With advances in sequencing technologies (as discussed in the previous section), now it is possible to sequence the...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 One can use this technology to study the biology of an organism at genome level. Some of the advance applications of sequencing technologies are Ch...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 at such high temperatures. Thus, metagenomics has applications in understanding the genomes of gut microbes, throat microbes, microbes present on a...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 specific sequence of a target gene, where it gets inserted. Once the transposon is inserted at the target site, the coding frame of target gene is ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 double strand break, gene knock-out can be created using deletion or insertion of DNA sequence. For gene editing, a desired mutant copy (for correc...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 contributes to immune ‘memory’ of the bacteria. While studying Streptococcus pyogenes in 2011, Dr. Charpentier discovered a new molecule in the CRI...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 encoded by the genome. Advancements in the area of powerful computer graphics processing units (GPU) and graphic cards have been utilised [General ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 chromosomes of two species. 5.5.2 Functional genomics Functional genomics aims to understand as to how the physiological function information encod...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 Let us discuss some examples of engineered proteins. 1) Recombinant protein to improve cleansing action of detergent: Subtilisin is a proteolytic e...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 Wild type or natural protein Mutant or engineered protein without His-tag with six His-tag Fig. 5.10:  Protein engineering for protein purificatio...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 fragment). The Fab fragment is further divided into the Fv fragment, the smallest fragment which is responsible for antigen binding via contact wit...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 a linker (C) Variable part of light chain coding DNA (blue) is fused with the equivalent part of heavy chain coding DNA (green) and toxin coding DN...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 version of mouse monoclonal antibody (Figure). The humanised antibody is often considered self and therefore, has good immune acceptance in human b...