Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 requires a primer, a short sequence of nucleotides that provides 3′-OH end to start DNA synthesis. Two types of single stranded synthetic deoxyolig...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 carried out in a typical PCR reaction. In PCR, the amplified product is analysed by gel electrophoresis at the end of reaction (end point analysis)...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 applications in molecular biology and rDNA technology. One of the applications of PCR is to quantify mRNA to assess the expression of a gene. It is...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 5′-untranslated region (5′′- UTR), open-reading frames (ORFs) 1a and 1b encodes non-structural proteins, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), pap...
Class XII Computer Science Computer Science 1 program (exception handler code) which is written to handle such exceptional situations. 1.5.1 The raise Statement The raise statement can be used ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 figure signify the accumulation of the product over the duration of the real-time PCR experiment. The fluorescent signal from individual sample is ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 libraries (genomic and cDNA libraries), which are described in the following section. (i) Genomic DNA Library A genomic library is a collection of ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 Library Gene expression in higher  eukaryotes is tissue-specific. In specific cells, certain genes undergo moderate to high expression. For example...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 the applications of biotechnology. The most important application of cDNA library is to know which genes are active in particular tissues under a p...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 of enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of new DNA strand by using dNTPs on a template strand. • Alkaline phosphatase is used to remove the terminal...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 i.e., denaturation, annealing and extension. The amplified product of PCR can be analysed by gel electrophoresis at the end of reaction (end point ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 gene. 10. Identify the correctly matched pair from the following options. (a) Northern blot: Detect specific sequence of DNA (b) Southern blot: Det...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 is true but reason is false. (d) Both assertion and reason are false. 66 BiotechnologyXII Reprint 2025-26
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 Applications of Recombinant Chapter 4 DNA Technology Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology has revolutionised 4.1 DNA Fingerprinting our life in variou...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 there exists short sequences of nucleotides which are repeated a number of times in tandem called STR VNTRs (short tandem repeats) at a locus which...
Class XII Computer Science Computer Science 9 | 48000 | 695 | D02 | Salary,Bonus | 103 | Shabbir | 45000 | 566 | D01 | | 109 | Daribha | 42000 | NULL | D04 | DESC; | 105 | Joseph | 34000 | 875 ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 Restriction digestion Sample Extracted Fragmented DNA DNA Electrophoresis gel nylon Probe membrane gel DNA pattern Hybridisation with DNA Transferr...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 BiotechnologyXII Reprint 2025-26 3. DNA fingerprinting is also used to compare DNA extracts from fossils to modern day counter parts andtherefore,f...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 71 Reprint 2025-26 Box 1: History of GMO Technology 30,333 BCE 7,800 BCE wolves began Oldest evidence of 1974 Boyer & Cohen develop Genetic enginee...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 tumor inducing genes is called T-DNA, which is transferred to plant genome upon infection. These genes encode for phytohormones, like auxin and cyt...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 its cells carry the used to insert the foreign gene and Culture of plant The plant cells are may express it as a cell with antibiotics grown in cul...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 and Electroporation: Protoplasts are spherical naked plant cells, which are produced by the removal of cell walls. These naked cells are capable of...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 inner cell mass region of the blastocyst stage. The r-DNA is transfered into these ES cells by electroporation. Few ES cells take up the transgene ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 cell and genetically manipulated ‘knockout’ cells. Embryonic chimeras of the mouse have become a tool to investigate the critical developmental pro...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 5 attached. Initially, DNA is fragmented into small pieces (~1– 2 kb) and small oligonucleotide adaptors are attached to these DNA fragments. These a...