Class name Subject Book title Chapter number Content Created at
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 2 selectable markers. • Expression vectors facilitate efficient-expression of cloned genes. They contain inducible promoters, unique insertion sites,...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 2 assertion and reason are false. 14. Assertion: Cosmid is a hybrid vector. Reason: Cosmid has properties of both plasmids and lambda phage vector. (...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 Chapter GeneCloning Gene cloning is a customary procedure to use a gene for its product in the biotechnology industry and various other 3.1 Identif...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 in the metabolic pathways (iron deficiency leading to chlorosis in plants) or resistance to environment (salinity tolerance in plants) or resistanc...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 acids, particularly makes it susceptible to cleavage when exposed to harsh physical stress. In addition, the chemical bonds by which different comp...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 Such mechanical or enzymatic treatment ruptures plasma membrane or cell wall so that nucleic acids get released from cells and exposes them to nucl...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 chelating agent ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The mild alkaline pH facilitates the reduction of electrostatic interaction between DNA a...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 be separated by pipetting. The nucleic acids from aqueous phase are precipitated by addition of ethanol to aqueous medium that reduces its polarity...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 Flow chart for the isolation of RNA 32 BiotechnologyXII Reprint 2025-26 whereas chloroform solubilises lipids. Chloroform also enhances specific gr...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 4 marketed as Humatrope and Protropin . Applications of Recombinant DNA technology 107 Reprint 2025-26 EXERCISES 1. What do you mean by DNA fingerpri...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 ions (K ). The precipitate is then separated by centrifugation. The plasmid DNA is isolated from the supernatant by ethanol precipitation. Gene Clo...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 was awarded jointly to specific DNA sequence called recognition sequence Werner Arber, Daniel or site, often consisting of 4 to 8 bp. Nathans and H...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 strands of the DNA molecule within the restriction sequence recognised by the enzyme or at the site or near the sequence. It generates a 5′-phospha...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 the microorganism. And the last Roman number represents the number of the enzyme isolated from the species (Table 3.2). BiotechnologyXII Reprint 20...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 coli exhibit several other activities, such as 5′→ 3′ exonuclease and 3′→ 5′-exonuclease. 5'New strand Template 5' strand 3' 3' Sugar A T A T Phosp...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 2025-26 Conjugation pilus F plasmids that carry a DNA sequence encoding for the fertility factor, or F– Bacterial chromosome F plasmid factor. The ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 to cells at high velocity so that foreign DNA molecule enters inside the cell (Fig. 3.12). 42 BiotechnologyXII Reprint 2025-26 DNA (a) Ca++ Ca++ Ca...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 Thus, the recombinant cells are distinguished from non-recombinants based on their expression or non-expression of certain traits, such as antibiot...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 (iii) transformed host cells with recombinant plasmids (with insert). Now it is essential to identify those cells that have received the recombinan...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 that took up non-recombinant Ampicillin Transformed bacterial in media plasmids formed colonies colonies with recombinant/ non-recombinant plasmid ...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 cells in white colonies, where X-gal is not hydrolysed, indicate the presence of an insert in lacZ, which disrupts the formation of an active β-gal...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 solid support is placed in a tray. Buffer solution is added in the tray to half the height of the solid support. A Whatman paper strip is placed on...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 technique: It is used to detect specific RNA molecules in a mixture of RNA. It was developed by American scientists J. Alwine, David Kemp and Georg...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 on SDS-PAGE gel based on their electrophoretic mobility, which depends on charge, molecule size and Labeled antibody Protein Separated Electro tran...
Class XII Biotechnology Biotechnology 3 its DNA. As the name implies, it is a chain reaction carried out in repeated cycles, which involves the process of heating and cooling called therm...